Tina’s Story
After purchasing land on Manhattan Beach California In 1912, Willa and Charles Bruce created a popular resort for local black residents. BUT, when white neighbors complain, the City Council uses eminent domain to steal their property.

Hillary’s Story
American and literary academic Mildred Fish-Harnack moved to Germany to begin her career as a professor. BUT when Nazi’s started infiltrating all aspects of German life, she served as a spy for the Nazi Resistance.

Sources
Tina's Story
California Beaches
Bruce’s Beach – The Pretty Park with a Stormy Past

CEO LA County
Bruce's Beach

Change.org
Bruce's Beach: Justice for the Bruce family

City of Manhattan Beach
Bruce's Beach
City of Manhattan Beach
History Advisory Board Report

Easy Reader
What happened at Bruce’s Beach--by MARK MCDERMOTT

The Guardian
A beach town seized a Black couple’s land in the 1920s. Now their family could get it back--by Sam Levin
Bruce’s Beach to be returned to Black family 100 years after city ‘used the law to steal it’

The Inertia
Southern California’s Bruce’s Beach Will Return to Descendants of Original Black Owners--by Will Sileo

KCET
Manhattan Beach: The City Built on Sand Dunes Celebrates Its Centennial--By Nathan Masters

LA ist
How Bruce's Beach Was Stolen From The Black Family That Owned It — And How They Got It Back--By Hadley Meares

NBC Los Angeles
Governor Signs Bruce's Beach Bill in Move to Transfer Seized Property to Black Owners' Family

New York Time
California Beach Seized in 1924 From a Black Family Could Be Returned--by Jacey Fortin

NPR WLRN
A Black family got their beach back — and inspired others to fight against land theft--by Danny Hajek and A Martinez

Office of Governor Gavin Newsome
Moving to Right Historical Wrong, Governor Newsom Signs Legislation to Return Bruce’s Beach to Black Descendants

Spectrum News
The Legacy of Bruce's Beach, the South Bay's Black Resort--by David Mendez

Washington Post
Born with two strikes--by Toluse Olorunnipa and Griff Witte

Wikipedia
Bruce's Beach
Manhattan Beach, California

Photos
Charles and Willa Bruce--from Duane Yellow Feather Shepart via The Guardian
Bruce's Lodge, circa 1916 from Manhattan Beach Historical Society via Easy Readers News
Couple enjoying a day at Bruce's Beach, circa 1927--from the LaVera White Collection via Easy Readers News
Vistors to Bruce's Beach--from the Miriam Matthews Photograph Collection/UCLA via CEO LA County

Hillary's Story
PBS
Wisconsin's Nazi Resistance: The Mildred Fish-Harnack Story

PBS Wisconsin
WISCONSIN’S NAZI RESISTANCE: THE MILDRED FISH-HARNACK STORY

PBS Wisconsin Biographies
Mildred Fish-Harnack: Germany's Secret Hero

University of Wisconsin-Madison
Mildred Fish-Harnack honored as hero of resistance to Nazi regime--by Kari Knutson

Wikipedia
Mildred Harnack

Wisconsin Life
Mildred Harnack: Remembering The Wisconsin Woman Who Resisted Hitler--by Meg Jones

Women in Wisconsin
Mildred Fish-Harnack

Photos
Mildred Fish-Harnack--via UW-Madison Archives
Arvid and Mildred Fish-Harnack--via UW-Madison Archives
Mildred Fish-Harnack Prison Photo--from Arthur Heitzer via UW-Madison

Support The Muck Podcast